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New Evidence on Measuring Financial Constraints: Moving Beyond the KZ Index

Charles J. Hadlock, Joshua R. Pierce

Review of Financial Studies · 2010 · 5,747 citations

doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhq009

Abstract

We collect detailed qualitative information from financial filings to categorize financial constraints for a random sample of firms from 1995 to 2004. Using this categorization, we estimate ordered logit models predicting constraints as a function of different quantitative factors. Our findings cast serious doubt on the validity of the KZ index as a measure of financial constraints, while offering mixed evidence on the validity of other common measures of constraints. We find that firm size and age are particularly useful predictors of financial constraint levels, and we propose a measure of financial constraints that is based solely on these firm characteristics.

Cite this paper

Hadlock, C. J., & Pierce, J. R. (2010). New evidence on measuring financial constraints: Moving beyond the KZ index. Review of Financial Studies, 23(5), 1909–1940. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhq009

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